This PhD thesis work aims to propose innovative scientific and technological solutions for the demonstration a microcell-based CPT atomic clock with improved long-term frequency stability.

The first research axis has concerned the implementation of pulsed interrogation sequences used to reduce light shifts induced during the interaction pulses between the atoms and the optical interrogation field. The use of an advanced sequence named Symmetric Auto-Balanced Ramsey (SABR) has in particular allowed a reduction of the clock frequency sensitivity to variations of the optical field by more than two orders of magnitude, benefiting to the frequency stability for integration times higher than 100 s. A second research axis has led to the proof-of-concept and the development of a new alkali vapor microfabricated cell tehnology, based on hermetic laser-actuated break- and make-seals, combined with the use of low permeation glass substrates, for enhanced choice and reinforced control of the cell inner atmosphere. A reduction of the permeation rate by a factor higher than 1000 was demonstrated in cells filled with helium using aluminosilicate glass coupled with Al₂O₃ coatings. Studies for the development of cells using new buffer gas mixtures and working at high temperature (> 90 °C) have been undertaken. Complementary results of these two research axis led to the demonstration of a CPT atomic clock using a Cs-Ne microcell with aluminosilicate glass and operating with the SABR interrogation sequence.

The combination of these approaches, reinforced by additional active stabilization loops of some key experimental parameters, has led to a fractional frequency stability of 7×10⁻¹¹ at 1 s and 1.4×10⁻¹² at 10⁵ s. These stabilities at one day are competitive with those of the best microcellbased microwave clocks.

micro-atomic clocks, microfabricated cells, fractional frequency stability, buffer gas permeation, light-shifts, spectroscopie Ramsey

Full document (FR) : HAL-04474336

This thesis reports the development and characterization of an optical frequency reference at 895 nm based on the interrogation of cesium atoms confined in a microfabricated cell using dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy. This frequency reference includes a diode laser tuned on the cesium D1 line (895 nm), an electro-optic modulator, an acousto-optic modulator, a cesium vapor microcell and a control electronics.

Two nearly-identical laser systems were developed, one using a DFB diode laser and the other with an external cavity diode laser (ECDL). The beatnote between these two lasers demonstrated a frequency stability of 1.1×10^-12 at 1 s, limited by the intermodulation effect induced by the laser frequency noise.

An ultra-stable frequency reference at 895 nm was developed to unambiguously characterize the individual performance of the microcell ECDL. The latter is based on an annex ECDL, phase locked to a spectrally-broadened frequency comb, referenced to an ultra-stable Fabry-Perot cavitystabilized 1542 nm laser. A compensated fiber link, with a residual phase noise of –55 dB‧rad²/Hz at 1 Hz, was developed to transfer the signal of the reference.

Beating with the reference, the microcell ECDL laser has demonstrated a short-term frequency stability of 2.9×10^-13 at 1 s, in good agreement with its phase noise (+40 dB‧rad²/Hz at f = 1 Hz), and better than 5×10^-14 at 100 s. These performances are competitive with the best current microcell frequency references.

In a last step, preliminary studies were initiated to measure the sensitivity of laser frequency to variations of some experimental parameters. Among the evaluated effects, the misalignment between both counter-propagating beams, the microwave power, and the magnetic field appear to be important contributions to the laser mediumterm stability.

frequency reference, cesium microcell, sub-Doppler spectroscopy, frequency stability, laser

Full document (FR) : HAL-04412404

This PhD reports on the development of a transportable iodine frequency stabilized laser setup, based on compact and fibered Telecom components with a TRL. This laser system is an ultra-stable frequency reference for the assembly, integration, validation and tests (AIVT) of the payload of the LISA mission as part of the SYRTE laboratory contribution to the French activities carried out by a consortium of several partners lead by the French Space Agency (CNES). The compact design of the whole setup will make it easily transportable and can be readily used on different sites.

The solution delivered by the SYRTE to the CNES comprises two Nd:YAG lasers phase locked on each other, with the master itself being phase locked on a frequency reference. The frequency reference is a telecom fiber laser which frequency has beean tripled using non-linear optics and frequency locked to a hyperfine transition of an iodine vapour. The frequency residual noise of this setup is in the 10⁻¹⁴ range below 30 s in terms of Allan standard deviation. Its optical setup fits in 30 L and it has proven to be transportable.

ultrastable laser, non-linear optics, transportable laser, compact laser, fiber laser, frequency reference, LISA

Full document (FR) : HAL-04511838

This thesis consists of the implementation and study of new experimental techniques to improve the performance of the SYRTE’s dual-axis cold atom gyroscope experiment. The instrument represents the state of the art of matter wave gyroscopes and uses stimulated Raman transitions to perform a 4-pulse interferometer. This geometry results in a Sagnac area of 11 cm² for 800 ms interrogation time.

In this thesis, we detail a fundamental physics test with the cold-atom gyroscope which consists of a validity test of the Sagnac Effect with a matter-wave interferometer. The results from a year-long experimental campaign are presented, demonstrating a 20-fold improvement in accuracy over previous efforts in measuring the gyroscope scale factor, and corresponding to a 23 ppm accuracy level.

Additionally, this work also discusses two novel real-time methods to control the phase of the interferometer using Raman frequency jumps and mirror position jumps rather than using Raman laser’s relative phase jump. We provide a thorough description of both methods and delve into the particulars of their physical implementation, which is also characterized in detail. A comparative analysis of the performance of these two methods is also presented.

This work opens the path for the possibility of real time atomic phase compensation to any atom interferometer based on two photon transitions for the atomic wave diffraction and in particular when using Raman double diffraction regime for space applications.

atom interferometry, inertial sensor, cold atoms, test of fundamental physics

Full document (EN) : HAL-04346752

Atom sensors are highly sensitive devices used in time and frequency standards, as well as inertial sensing and precision measurements of electromagnetic fields. Nowadays, they are developed to the extent that they can be limited by their quantum nature, i.e., the standard quantum limit (SQL). This limit arises from the individual and uncorrelated behaviour of the used atoms. However, it has been demonstrated that one can overcome this limit via the generation of quantum correlations and entanglement between the atoms.

Proof of principle entanglement generation can be accomplished via different protocols, but this has very seldom been done in metrology-grade devices. In this thesis, we use a cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) platform to create a type of quantum correlated state named spin squeezed. We use as a platform a trapped-atom clock on a chip (TACC) to generate these entangled states.

This metrology-grade device allows us to study the dynamics due to spin interactions in the long time scale, on the order of a second. The stability of the apparatus is confirmed by a fractional frequency Allan deviation of 6×10⁻¹³ at 1 s, a performance beating commercially available compact atom clocks.

quantum metrology, atom chip, entranglement, atomic clock, spin-squeezed states, cavity quantum electrodynamics

Full document (EN) : HAL-04597522

At the micrometer scale, atom-surface interactions are dominated by the Casimir-Polder potential. This thesis is part of the development of the ForCa-G (Casimir Force and Short Range Gravitation) experiment where the measurement of short range forces (around the micrometer range) is performed using ⁸⁷Rb atoms cooled to temperatures of the order of a few hundred nano-kelvin and trapped in a vertical optical lattice in the vicinity of a dielectric surface.

In order to avoid contamination of this surface during the cooling steps, the atoms are prepared 30 cm below. We prove the efficiency of our transport method using Bloch oscillations, allowing both a satisfactory control of their final position without heating or excessive enlargement of the cloud radius in the vertical direction. An efficiency of up to 30% of the initial number of atoms has been measured after transport, which drops to 10% after recapture in the vertical lattice.

A sequence of stimulated Raman transitions then allows the spatial and coherent separation of the atomic wave packets on adjacent wells of the lattice and their recombination. This interferometer allows us to measure the energy difference between these wells, which is related to the different potentials seen by the atoms. A first measurement has been performed up to a distance of 1 µm from the surface, demonstrating the appearance of an attractive potential near the surface. However, initial analyses suggest that a parasitic electric field due to the adsorption of Rubidium atoms on the surface adds to the expected Casimir-Polder potential contribution.

cold atoms, atom interferometry, Casimir-Polder

Full document (FR) : HAL-04514581

The Coherent Population Trapping (CPT) phenomenon with high contrast is particularly promising for the development of a compact and high frequency stability clock. An original compact clock architecture based on a miniature optoelectronic bench and a dual-polarization dual-frequency laser is proposed.

A miniature bench (volume below 10 L) with the optical functions and the servo-controls necessary to the stabilization of the laser field is developed and studied. The miniature optical components are meticulously aligned to guarantee noise reductions comparable to laboratory setups.

A complete study of the optical power stabilization is made, revealing the electronic limitations at short-term and the thermal sensitivities of the setup at long-term. The use of a dual-frequency generator allows to validate the bench by obtaining the CPT spectroscopy on the D2 line of cesium in continuous and pulsed regime.

A Vertical-External-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VECSEL) is implemented to generate the two optical frequencies necessary for the CPT interrogation. The design choices for the VECSEL, in particular to obtain the emission of two modes with strongly correlated and in-phase optical intensities, are detailed. The addition of elements in the cavity leads to additional losses and limits the emitted optical power. The emission of two polarization modes around 852 nm (and 895 nm) with a tunable frequency difference of a few gigahertz is obtained. The understanding of the correlations between the cavity eigenstates allows to model and optimize the reduction strategies of the laser noises. With in-phase intensity fluctuations, the stabilization of the optical power leads to similar noise reductions for both polarization modes, but limited by the amplitude of the correlations.

Simultaneous control of the optical frequency as well as of the frequency difference between the modes is demonstrated for the first time using two electro-optical crystals integrated in the laser cavity. The contributions of the laser noises to the frequency instabilities of the future compact clock are estimated. The intensity and phase noises participate limits the stability to only a few 10^-13 at 1 s, in line with the targeted objectives.

CPT atomic clock, optoelectronic servo-loop, frequency stability, semiconductor laser, noise correlations

Full document (FR) : HAL-04221413

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ABSIL L., BALLAND Y., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Long-range temperature-controlled transport of ultra-cold atoms with an accelerated lattice”, New Journal of Physics, 2023, 25, 7, 073010, HAL-04255420, DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/ace3ea.

AUCLAIR P. et al., “Cosmology with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna”, Living Rev.Rel., 2023, 26, 1, 5, HAL-03669190, DOI: 10.1007/s41114-023-00045-2.

BAYLE J.-B. and HARTWIG O., “A unified model for the LISA measurements and instrument simulations”, Phys.Rev. D, 2023, 107, 8, 083019, HAL-03921038, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.107.083019.

BEAUFILS Q., LEFEBVE J., BAPTISTA J.G., PICCON R., CAMBIER V., SIDORENKOV L., FALLET C., LEVEQUE T., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Rotation related systematic effects in a cold atom interferometer onboard a Nadir pointing satellite”, NPJ Microgravity, 2023, 9, 53, HAL-04255417, DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00297-w.

CAMPBELL W.M., GALLIOU S., TOBAR M. and GORYACHEV M., “Electro-mechanical tuning of high-Q bulk acoustic phonon modes at cryogenic temperatures”, Applied Physics Letters, 2023, 122, 032202, DOI: 10.1063/5.0131361.

CAMPBELL W.M., TOBAR M., GORYACHEV M. and GALLIOU S., “Improved constraints on minimum length models with a macroscopic low loss phonon cavity”, Physical Review D, 2023, 108, 10, 102006, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.108.102006.

CARLÉ C., ABDEL H.M., KESHAVARZI S., VICARINI R., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Pulsed-CPT Cs-Ne microcell atomic clock with frequency stability below 2 × 10⁻¹² at 10⁵ s”, Optics Express, 2023, 31, 5, 8160-8169, DOI: 10.1364/OE.483039.

CARLÉ C., KESHAVARZI S., MURSA A., KARVINEN P.I, CHUTANI R.K., BARGIEL S., QUESTE S., VICARINI R., ABBÉ Ph., ABDEL H.M., MAURICE V., BOUDOT R. and PASSILLY N., “Reduction of helium permeation in microfabricated cells using aluminosilicate glass substrates and Al₂O₃ coatings”, Journal of Applied Physics, 2023, 133, 214501, DOI: 10.1063/5.0151899.

CORGIER R., MALITESTA M., SMERZI A. and PEZZE L., “Spin-squeezing swapping for differential measurements with atom interferometers and clocks”, Quantum, 2023, 7, 965, HAL-03687618, DOI: 10.22331/q-2023-03-30-965.

DELVA P. et al., “GENESIS: co-location of geodetic techniques in space”, Earth Planets and Space, 2023, 75, 1, 5, HAL-03938404, DOI: 10.1186/s40623-022-01752-w.

DIMARCQ N. et al., “Roadmap towards the redefinition of the second”, Metrologia, 2023, 61, 1, 012001, HAL-04375006, DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/ad17d2.

FLUHR CH., DUBOIS B., CALOSSO C., VERNOTTE F., RUBIOLA E. and GIORDANO V., “A cryogenic sapphire resonator oscillator with 10⁻¹⁶ mid-term fractional frequency stability”, Applied Physics Letters, 2023, 123, 4, 044107, DOI: 10.1063/5.0153711.

FLUHR Ch., DUBOIS B., LE TETU G., SOUMANN V., PARIS J., RUBIOLA E. and GIORDANO V., “Reliability and reproducibility of the cryogenic Sapphire oscillator technology”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023, 72, 1005408, DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3277940.

GALLIOU S., BON J., ABBÉ Ph., VICARINI R., TOBAR M. and GORYACHEV M., “Probing the acoustic losses of graphene with a low-loss quartz bulk-acoustic-wave resonator at cryogenic temperatures”, Materials Science and Engineering: B, 2023, 127, 116102, DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2022.116102.

GUE J., HEES A., LODEWYCK J., LE TARGAT R. and WOLF P., “Search for vector dark matter in microwave cavities with Rydberg atoms”, Phys.Rev. D, 2023, 108, 3, 035042, HAL-04113313, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.108.035042.

GUO C., CAMBIER V., CALVERT J., FAVIER M., ANDIA M., DE SARLO L. and BIZE S., Exploiting the two-dimensional magneto-optical trapping of Hg 199 for a mercury optical lattice clock”, Physical Review A, 2023, 107, 3, 033116, HAL-04314852, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.107.033116.

GUSCHING A., MILLO J., RYGER I., VICARINI R., ABDEL H.M., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Cs microcell optical reference with frequency stability in the low 10⁻¹³ range at 1 s”, Optics Letters, 2023, 48, 6, 1526-1529, DOI: 10.1364/OL.485548.

JIMENEZ-MIER J., PONCIANO OJEDA F.S., MOJICA-CASIQUE C., HOYOS-CAMPO L.M., RAMÍREZ-MARTÍNEZ F. and FLORES-MIJANGOS J., “Study of the velocity-selection satellites present in the 5p3 / 2 → 6pj(J = 1/2, 3/2) electric quadrupole transitions in atomic Rubidium”, Optics Communications, 2023, 24, HAL-04257659.

LAUPRETRE T., ACHI B., GROULT L., KERSALÉ Y., DELEHAYE M., ABDEL H.M. and LACROUTE C., “Heating rate measurement and characterization of a prototype surface-electrode trap for optical frequency metrology”, Applied Physics B-Lasers and Optics, 2023, 129, 37, DOI: 10.1007/s00340-023-07982-4.

LE TETU G., FLUHR CH., PARIS J., HOSTEIN R. and GIORDANO V., “Ultra-stable microwave cryogenic oscillator operated with a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler”, Cryogenics, 2023, 135, 103745, DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2023.103745.

LIM C., FRANK F., CHUPIN B., CHIU O., ABGRALL M., TUCKEY P., POTTIE P.-E., CANTIN E., CHARDONNET C. and AMY-KLEIN A., “Extension of REFIMEVE with a White Rabbit network”, Proceedings of 2023 Joint Conference EFTF/IEEE-IFCS, IEEE Xplore 9 Oct. 2023, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS57587.2023.10272069, HAL-04105986.

LIN X., HARTMAN M. T., ZHANG S., SEIDELIN S., FANG B. and LE COQ Y., “Multimode Heterodyne Laser InterferometryRealized via Software Defined Radio”, Optics Express, 2023, 31, 23, 38475-38493, HAL-04231348, DOI: 10.1364/OE.500077.

MATUSKO M., RYGER I., GOAVEC-MEROU G., MILLO J., LACROUTE C., CARRY E., FRIEDT J.-M. and DELEHAYE M., “Fully-digital platform for local ultra-stable optical frequency distribution”, Review of Scientific Instruments, 2023, 94, 3, 034716, DOI: 10.1063/5.0138599.

MURATORE M., HARTWIG O., VETRUGNO D., VITALE S. and WEBER W. J., “On the effectiveness of null TDI channels as instrument noise monitors in LISA”, Phys.Rev. D, 2023, 107, 8, 082004, HAL-03726620, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.107.082004.

QUANG NAM D., MARTINO J., LEMIERE Y., PETITEAU A., BAYLE J.-B., HARTWIG O. and STAAB M., “Time-delay interferometry noise transfer functions for LISA”, Phys.Rev. D, 2023, 108, 8, 082004, HAL-04249115, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.108.082004.

RUBIOLA E. and VERNOTTE F., “The companion of Enrico’s chart for phase noise and two-sample variances”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2023, 71, 7, 2996-3025, DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2023.3238267.

WISSEL L., HARTWIG O., BAYLE J.B., STAAB M., FITZSIMONS E.D., HEWITSON M. and HEINZEL G., “The influence of laser relative intensity noise in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna”, Phys.Rev.Applied, 2023, 20, 1, 014016, HAL-03936190, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.014016.

YUN P., BOUDOT R. and DE CLERCQ E., “Coherent population trapping with high common-mode noise rejection using Differential detection of simultaneous dark and bright resonances”, Physical Review Applied, 2023, 19, 024012, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.024012.

YUN P., BOUDOT R.and DE CLERCQ E., “Coherent population trapping with high common-mode noise rejection using differential detection of simultaneous dark and bright resonances, Physical Review Applied, 2023, 19, 024012, HAL-04224381, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.19.024012.

ZHANG S., SEIDELIN S., LE TARGAT R., GOLDNER P., FANG B. and LE COQ Y., “First-order thermal insensitivity of the frequency of a narrow spectral hole in a crystal”, Physical Review A, 2023, 107, 1, 013518, HAL-obspm-03986476, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.107.013518.

DELVA P., “GASTON: GAlileo survey of transient objects network”, H2020 GNSS Upstream R&D Workshop, ESTEC, Nordwijk, The Netherlands, January 2023, HAL-obspm-04047865.

CORGIER R., GAALOUL N., SMERZI A., PEZZE L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Delta-kick squeezing in atom interferometer”, Journée de sensibilisation à la valorisation du DIM QuanTiP, Paris, France, 25 janvier 2023, HAL-04393586.

PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., BALLAND Y. and ABSIL L., Short range force sensing with a trapped atom interferometer”, Blackbody Radiation Induced Effects and Phenomena, Vienna, Austria, 13 February 2023, HAL-04393520.

LANGLOIS M., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Gravity gradiometer using large momentum transfer beamsplitters”, Rencontres de Moriond, Session Gravitation, La Thuile, Italie, 21 March 2023, HAL-03955989.

MARULANDA ACOSTA V., DEQUAL D., SCHIAVON M., MONTMERLE-BONNEFOIS A., LIM C., CONAN J.-M. and DIAMANTI E., “Improvement of satellite-to-ground QKD secret key rate with adaptive optics”, 2023 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), San Diego, CA, USA, March 2023, DOI: 10.23919/OFC49934.2023.10117042, HAL-04052496.

FRIEDT J.-M., « Autour de la « synchronisation » dans les communications radiofréquences », 6th European GNU Radio days 2023, Visioconference (IAP), Paris, France, 29-30 mars 2023.

JANVIER C., MERLET S., ROSENBUSCH P., MENORET V., LANDRAGIN A., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and DESRUELLE B., “Operational evaluation of an industrial differential quantum gravimeter”, EGU General Assembly Conference (EGU23), Vienna, Austria, April 2023, DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5171, HAL-04393526.

RAHMOUNI F., ROMERO GONZALEZ J., POINTARD B., POTTIE P.-E., LION G., JAMET O., LALANCETTE M.-F., MORENO W., LODEWYCK J. and LE TARGAT R., “An Yb transportable clock connected to the REFIMEVE fiber network for chronometric geodesy”, EGU General Assembly Conference (EGU23), Vienna, Austria, April 2023, DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8745, HAL-04093675.

BARBARAT J., GILLOT J., MILLO J., LACROUTE C., GIORDANO V., KERSALE Y. and LEGERO T., “Development of a Sub-Kelvin Silicon Cavity”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

BREUREC J., ABDEL H.M., VICARINI R., CALOSSO C., LELIEVRE O. and BOUDOT R., “Measurements of frequency shifts in a high-performance CPT-based cesium cell atomic clock”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

CALLEJO M., VICARINI R., ABBE PH., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Preliminary studies of Rb microfabricated cells for a two-photon Rb optical frequency reference”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

CANTIN E., LOPEZ O., CAHUZAC N., LIU Y., MANCEAU M., DARQUIE B., CHARDONNET C., AMY-KLEIN A., QUINTIN N., RABAULT M., COGET G., ROSENBUSCH P., MENORET V., TONNES M., POINTARD B., MAZOUTH M., ALVAREZ-MARTINEZ H., LIM C., TUCKEY P., ABGRALL M., LE TARGAT R. and POTTIE P.-E., “REFIMEVE fiber network for time and frequency dissemination and applications”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), held with the Asia-Pacific Workshop on Time and Frequency (ATF), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS57587.2023.10272084, HAL-04287802.

CARLE C., ABDEL H.M., KESHAVARZI S., VICARINI R., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “A Ramsey-based microcell CPT clock with fractional frequency stability in the low 10⁻¹² range at 10⁵ s”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

CARLE C., KESHAVARZI S., MURSA A., KARVINEN P., CHUTANI R.K., BARGIEL S., VICARINI R., ABBE PH., ABDEL H.M., MAURICE V., BOUDOT R. and PASSILLY N., “Mitigation of He permeation in microfabricated vapor cells with alumino-silicate glass and Al2O3 coatings”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

COTXET J., GUTTY F., BAILI G., MORVAN L., DOLFI D., HOLLEVILLE D. and GUERANDEL S., “Ramsey CPT signal generation with a miniature clock bench and a dual-frequency optical generator”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, HAL-04293259.

FLUHR Ch., DUBOIS B., CALOSSO C., VERNOTTE F., RUBIOLA E. and GIORDANO V., “A Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator with 10⁻¹⁶ mid-term ADEV”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, may. 2023.

FLUHR Ch., DUBOIS B., PARIS J., LE TETU G., SOUMANN V., RUBIOLA E. and GIORDANO V., “Technology Readiness of the Cryogenic Sapphire Oscillator”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

FRIEDT J.-M., LOURS M., GOAVEC-MEROU G., DUPONT M., CHUPIN B., CHIU O., MEYER E., MEYER F. and ACHKAR J., “Development of an opensource, openhardware, software-defined radio platform for two-way satellite time and frequency transfer”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, DOI: 10.1109/EFTF/IFCS57587.2023.10272067, HAL-04257709.

GILLOT J., HARIRI Y., LACROUTE C., MILLO J. and KERSALE Y., “Development of an ultra-stable cryogenic silicon optical cavity”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

GILLOT J., PUHALO-SMITH J., HARIRI Y., BARBARAT J., LACROUTE C., MILLO J. and KERSALE Y., “Searching for dark matter with a cryogenic silicon Fabry-Pérot cavity”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

GUSCHING A., MILLO J., VICARINI R., ABDEL H.M., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Towards a high-stability Cs-microcell stabilized laser with dual-frequency sub-Doppler spectroscopy”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

HARTMAN M. T., LIN X., POINTARD B., LE TARGAT R., FANG B., LE COQ Y., GOLDNER P. and SEIDELIN S., “First measurements of spectral hole line shifts at dilution temperatures for laser stabilization, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, HAL-04460611.

MADUNIC J., ABDEL H.M., KERSALE Y. and LACROUTE C., “Characterization of a surface electrode Paul trap for frequency metrology”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023.

VOISIN V., MELLET L., RUSSO S., GUIGUE M., POPOV B., CHUPIN B., LIM C. B., CHIU O., TUCKEY P., POTTIE P.-E., UHRICH P. and ABGRALL M., “Advanced time transfer comparison: GNSS versus fiber over a 3 km long baseline”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023)), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, HAL-04105979.

YUN P., YANG T., BOUDOT R. and DE CLERCQ E., “Constructive, destructive and differential detection of coherent population trapping resonance”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, HAL-04224383.

ZYSKIND C., ANDIA M., GUO C. and BIZE S., “Towards the development of an optical lattice clock using bosonic isotopes of mercury”, 2023 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and the European Frequency and Time Forum (IFCS-EFTF 2023), Toyama, Japan, 15-19 May 2023, HAL-04505900.

LEVEQUE T., BEAUFILS Q., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and CARIOQA consortium, “CARIOQA-PMP: Towards climate studies using quantum technologies”, Quantum Sensors for Science Exploration, Nordwijk, ESTEC, The Netherlands, 25 May 2023, HAL-04393566.

MERLET S., “Atomic sensors metrology for long term and trustable monitoring of climate change Key Geodetic Parameters”, Workshop on new activities and digitalization, 19th meeting of CCM, Sèvres (BIPM), France, 25 May 2023, HAL-04109791.

RAHMOUNI F., POINTARD B., LARTAUX-VOLLARD A., LODEWYCK J., POTTIE P.-E., DELVA P., MORENO W., PANET I., LEQUENTREC-LALANCETTE M.-F., JAMET O., LION G. and LE TARGAT R., “An Yb transportable clock connected to the REFIMEVE network”, Assemblée Générale de l’Equipex T-REFIMEVE, Villetaneuse (Université Paris 13), France, 6 juin 2023, HAL-04212847.

ZYSKIND C. et al., “Mercury optical lattice clock and its participations to optical fiber link comparisons”, Assemblée Générale de l’Equipex T-REFIMEVE, Villetaneuse (Université Paris 13), France, 6 juin 2023.

BAPTISTA J.G., CAMBIER V., SIDORENKOV L., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Ultra high sensitivity quantum gravi-gradiometer”, YAO 2023, Barcelona, Spain, June 2023, HAL-04393534

RAHMOUNI F., ROMERO GONZALEZ J., BENJAMIN P., MORENO W., DELVA P., POTTIE P.-E., LODEWYCK J. and LE TARGAT R., “Towards a transportable Ytterbium optical lattice clock for geodetic explorations”, Time and Frequency Seminar, Paris, France, 8 juin 2023, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-04212887.

BALLAND Y., ABSIL L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Ten quectonewton local force sensor with atom interferometry”, 54th Conference of the European Group on Atomic Systems (EGAS 54), Strasbourg, France, 18-22 juin 2023, HAL-04393550.

CALLEJO M., VICARINI R., MURSA A., ABBE PH., KLINGER E., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Rb microfabricated cells for a two-photon optical frequency reference”, 54th Conference of the European Group on Atomic Systems (EGAS 54), Strasbourg, France, 18-22 juin 2023.

CAMBIER V., BAPTISTA J. G., SIDORENKOV L., MERLET S. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Quantum enhanced ultra high sensitivity gravi-gradiometer”, 54th Conference of the European Group on Atomic Systems (EGAS 54), Strasbourg, France, 18-22 juin 2023, HAL-04393591

ROMERO GONZALEZ J., RAHMOUNI F., BENJAMIN P., MORENO W., LODEWYCK J., POTTIE P.-E., DELVA P., PANET I., LEQUENTREC-LALANCETTE M.-F., JAMET O., LION G. and LE TARGAT R., “An efficient Zeeman slower for the ROYMAGE transportable Ytterbium clock”, 54th Conference of the European Group on Atomic Systems (EGAS 54), Strasbourg, France, 18-22 juin 2023, HAL-04139115.

SHANG H., CIFUENTES MARIN M. A., LE TARGAT R. and LODEWYCK J., “Observation of quantum correlations on the strontium optical lattice clock transition”, 54th Conference of the European Group on Atomic Systems (EGAS 54), Strasbourg, France, 18-22 June 2023, HAL-04457667.

BREUREC J., ABDEL H.M., VICARINI R., CALOSSO C., LELIEVRE O. and BOUDOT R., « Mesures de déplacements de fréquence dans une horloge atomique CPT à cellule de césium haute performance », Journée du Club Optique Micro-ondes de 2023 (JCOM 2023), Visioconférence, France, 19 juin 2023.

CALLEJO M., VICARINI R., MURSA A., ABBE Ph., KLINGER E., PASSILLY N. and BOUDOT R., “Rb microfabricated cells for a two-photon optical frequency reference”, 2023 International Network for Micro-fabricated Atomic Quantum Sensors Technical Workshop (INMAQS 2023), Estes Park Colorado, United States, 21-23 June 2023.

BOIVIN J., DENAUD L., GIRARDON S., TEYSSIEUX D. and FROEHLY L., “Determination of light transmittance in french local tree species”, 20th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics (ICEM20 2023), Porto, Portugal, 2-7 July 2023.

BALLAND Y., ABSIL L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Ten quectonewton local force sensor with atom interferometry”, 26^e Congrès Général de la SFP, Paris, France, 3 juillet 2023, HAL-04393537.

BEAUFILS Q., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and CARIOQA consortium, “CARIOQA: a pathfinder for space atom interferometry”, 26^e Congrès Général de la SFP, Paris, France, 3 juillet 2023, HAL-04393584.

ELANDALOUSSI H., CAHUZAC N., LEULIET M., MARIE-JEANNE P., ROUILLE C., ZANON-WILLETTE T., MANCEAU M., LOPEZ O., DARQUIE B., ABGRALL M. and JANSSEN C., “Si Traceable high precision spectroscopy of ozone using a quantum cascade laser at 9.5 micrometer”, Congrès des 150 ans de la Société Française de Physique, Paris, France, 3-7 juillet 2023, HAL-04421778.

HOSSEINIARANI A., SCHILLING M., BEAUFILS Q., KNABE A., TENNSTEDT S., SCHOEN S., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and MULLER J., “Advances in cold atom interferometer accelerometry and their impact on the sensitivity of gravity missions”, 28th IUGG General Assembly, Berlin, Germany, 11-20 July 2023, HAL-04393545.

KNABE A., SCHILLING M., HOSSEINIARANI A., ROMESHKANI M., MULLER J., BEAUFILS Q. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Cold atom interferometry accelerometry for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking and cross-track gradiometry satellite gravity missions”, 28th IUGG General Assembly, Berlin, Germany, 11-20 July 2023, HAL-04393546.

SCHILLING M., BATTELIER B., FORSBERG R., GAALOUL N., GRUBER T., VON KLITZING W., LEVEQUE T., MIGLIACCIO F., MULLER J., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and ZAHZAM N., “Scientific assessment of the CARIOQA-PMP quantum accelerometer pathfinder”, 28th IUGG General Assembly, Berlin, Germany, 11-20 July 2023, HAL-04393554.

SCHUBERT C., BEAUFILS Q., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and CARIOQA consortium, “CARIOQA-PMP: Developing quantum sensors for earth observation”, 28th IUGG General Assembly, Berlin, Germany, 11-20 July 2023, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-04393567.

FANG B., LIN X., HARTMAN M., POINTARD B., LE TARGAT R., FERRIER A., GOLDNER P., SEIDELIN S. and LE COQ Y., “Beyond T⁴ behaviour of spectral hole frequencies in Eu:YSO at dilution temperatures”, 2023 Rare Earth Ions for Quantum Information (REIQI) Workshop, Lund, Sweden, September 2023, HAL-04460600.

MARLIERE N., GUESSOUM M., GEIGER R. and LANDRAGIN A., “High-performance gyroscope for rotational seismology”, Réunion du projet QAFCA, Toulouse, France, 5 septembre 2023, HAL-04231601.

MARLIERE N., GUESSOUM M., GAUTIER R., BOUTON Q., SIDORENKOV L.A., GEIGER R. and LANDRAGIN A., “Dual axis cold-atom gyroscope”, Réunion du projet QAFCA, Toulouse, France, 5 sept. 2023, HAL-04231562.

RAHMOUNI F., ROMERO GONZALEZ J., BENJAMIN P., MORENO W., DELVA P., POTTIE P.-E., LODEWYCK J. and LE TARGAT R., « Horloge Yb transportable », Réunion du projet QAFCA, Toulouse, France, 5 sept. 2023, HAL-04209798.

LEVEQUE T., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., BEAUFILS Q. and CARIOQA consortium, “CARIOQA-PMP: Towards a pathfinder mission for quantum space gravimetry”, 6^th Quantum Technology Conference, Matera, Italia, 19 September 2023, HAL-04393570.

BIZE S., “Optical lattice clocks”, Frequency Standards and Precision Measurement Summer School, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, conf. invitée le 10 oct. 2023.

BIZE S., FANG B., Y. LE COQ, R. LE TARGAT, J. LODEWYCK, P.-E. POTTIE and members of the FOP team, “Developments to improve the stability of optical lattice clocks”, Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Kingscliff, NSW, Australia, conf. invitée le 17 oct. 2023.

GAALOUL N., BEAUFILS Q., PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F. and CARIOQA consortium, “CARIOQA-PMP: A Space Gravimetry Quantum Pathfinder Mission”, EQTC Conference, Hanover, Germany, 17 Oct. 2023, HAL-04393571.

BIZE S., « Progrès et applications des horloges optiques : vers une nouvelle définition de la seconde », Académie des Technologies / Journées thématiques « Le système international d’unités (SI) version 2018 - Quels impacts et quelles perspectives ? », Paris, France, conf. invitée le 25 oct. 2023.

CORGIER R., PEZZE L. and PEREIRA DOS SANTOS F., “Quantum-enhanced atom interferometry”, GDR Gaz-quantiques, Bordeaux, France, 25 oct. 2023, HAL-04393558.

HARTMAN M., LIN X., POINTARD B., LE TARGAT R., SEIDELIN S., GOLDNER P., FANG B. and LE COQ Y., “Detection techniques and fundamental limits in frequency stabilization via spectral hole burning”, Assemblée générale de la Fédération de Recherche FIRST-TF 2023, Nice, France, 8 nov. 2023, HAL-04460577.

MILLO J., LE TARGAT R. and FANG B., « Projet pluriannuel SESHO : vers des stabilités extrêmes dans le domaine optique », AG FIRST-TF 2023, Nice, France, 8 nov. 2023, HAL-04460582.

ROMERO GONZALEZ J., RAHMOUNI F., POINTARD B., BERTOLDI A., LODEWYCK J. and LE TARGAT R., “RAZPOUTYNE project towards compact cooling techniques”, Réunion FIRST-TF, Nice, France, 8 nov. 2023, HAL-04295079.

Time is the physical quantity that is measured with the greatest precision, far ahead of all the others. Recent advances in atomic clocks have made it possible to achieve relative stabilities of the order of a few 10⁻¹⁸, thus corresponding to an uncertainty of about one second in the age of the Universe. However, it is not because these uncertainties become ridiculously small that they should be neglected, quite the contrary. The aim of this work is to contribute to improving the determination of these uncertainties. It is divided in two parts and concerns the fine characterization and improvement of a set of estimation methods.

The first part of the present work consists in describing a procedure to determine the jumps which can affect the time links used in the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), calculated by the BIPM. This tool, based on a Kalman filter, should correctly determine the date of the steps and their magnitude, mainly for time steps, and give a warning to the BIPM Time Department about this unexpected problem. This warning will help to understand the nature of the steps which, in some cases, can affect the behavior of UTC. A critical example is the receiver calibration causing a step in time links and potentially impacting UTC behavior. To ensure the long-term stability of UTC, it is crucial to verify the data and identify problems.

The second part of the work mainly concerns a detailed analysis of frequency instabilities in terms of Bayesian statistics. In particular the objective is to obtain reliable confidence intervals around the measurements of the power spectrum of red noise processes at the lowest frequencies, e.g. the observation of millisecond pulsars in radio astronomy. Thus it is only possible to average on simultaneous observation of multiple instruments. We compare 95 % upper limit of the red noise parameter using the spectrum average and cross-spectrum. Checked by massive Monte Carlo simulations, the cross-spectrum estimator leads to the variance-Gamma distribution with two instruments and a generalization to n instruments based on the Fourier transform of characteristic functions is provided.

atomic clocks, bayesian statistics, confidence interval, cross-spectrum, metrology, phase jump, probability density function, spectrum average, time-frequency analysis, time stability

Full document (EN) : TEL-04083649

This thesis consists in developing a frequency stabilized laser on a Fabry-Perot cavity at very low temperature. Indeed, the optical cavity is designed in silicon material and cooled down to a temperature around 18,1 K. Working at this temperature where the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon is low, and the reduction of the mechanical constraints acting on the cavity, give the possibility of reaching stabilized laser performances below 1×10⁻¹⁶ on short times, to answer the needs of optical clocks. The system consists of a 1,5 µm fiber laser whose frequency is controlled by the resonance mode frequency of the optical cavity. The cavity is 14 cm long and a dielectric coating has been deposited on the mirror substrate. A low vibration pulsed tube cryogenerator is used to cool down the cavity to the desired temperature. In this work, the researchers have also implemented an active system to suppress the residual amplitude modulation, which is one of the main limitations of the ultra-stable laser performances. Finally, the theoretical limit evaluated in terms of fractional frequency stability is given as 3×10⁻¹⁷ at 1 s, corresponding to the cavity thermal noise.

Ultra-stable laser, optical Fabry-Perot cavity, frequency locking, cryogenic temperature

Full document (FR) : TEL-03851524